Dualism is a theory that there are two types of substances: consciousness and physical objects. The founder of this theory is Rene Descartes, who argued that man is a thinking substance, capable of doubting the existence of everything except his own consciousness, and that consciousness, thus, is irreducible to the physical world.
The dualism of soul and body is a point of view according to which consciousness (spirit) and matter (physical body) are two independent, complementary and equal substances. As a rule, it is based on general philosophical dualism.
